Total ATP produced is the sum of all ATP produced in different steps of any cycle or pathway. Net gain of ATP means: produced ATP - consumed ATP. Note: There is a difference between the net gain of ATP and the number of ATP molecules produced. The number of ATP molecules formed via the malate-aspartate shuttle is 38 ATP. This enzyme catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and NADH to produce malate and $ $ which is present in the cytosol can further be reduced again by another cycle of glycolysis, and the NADH in the matrix can be further used for ATP synthesis. The malate-aspartate shuttle (sometimes also the malate shuttle) is a biochemical system for translocating electrons produced during glycolysis across the impermeable inner membrane of the mitochondrion for oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The second electron shuttle system, called the malate-aspartate shuttle, is shown in Figure 21.34. So this process starts in the cytosol by malate dehydrogenase. Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle FIGURE 21.33 The glycerophosphate shuttle (also known as the glycerol phosphate shuttle) couples the cytosolic oxidation of NADH with mitochondrial reduction of FAD. The important enzyme in the malate-aspartate shuttle is malate dehydrogenase. Hint: The malate-aspartate shuttle is a process in which electrons produced during glycolysis are transferred across the semipermeable membrane of the mitochondria, specifically the inner membrane for oxidative phosphorylation.
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